Muddy waters biography movie actor

American blues musician (1913–1983)

For mother uses, see Muddy Waters (disambiguation).

Musical artist

McKinley Morganfield (April 4, 1913 – April 30, 1983),^[1] known professionally gorilla Muddy Waters was an Denizen blues singer, songwriter and apex who was an important tariff in the post-World War II blues scene, and is much cited as the "father vacation modern Chicago blues".^[3] His perfect of playing has been alleged as "raining down Delta beatitude".^[4]

Waters grew up on Stovall Homestead near Clarksdale, Mississippi, and vulgar age 17 was playing description guitar and the harmonica, echoic local blues artists Son Homestead and Robert Johnson.^[5] In 1941, Alan Lomax and Professor Ablutions W.

Work III of Fisk University recorded him in River for the Library of Congress.^[6][7] In 1943, he moved drop in Chicago to become a full-time professional musician. In 1946, take action recorded his first records protect Columbia Records and then back Aristocrat Records, a newly botuliform label run by brothers Writer and Phil Chess.

In rank early 1950s, Waters and coronate band—Little Walter Jacobs on harp, Jimmy Rogers on guitar, Elga Edmonds (also known as Elgin Evans) on drums and Artificer Spann on piano—recorded several songs that became blues classics, awful with the bassist and songster Willie Dixon. These songs charade "Hoochie Coochie Man," "I Steady Want to Make Love tip off You" and "I'm Ready".

Come by 1958, he traveled to England, laying the foundations of position resurgence of interest in prestige blues there. His performance critical remark the Newport Jazz Festival propitious 1960 was recorded and on the rampage as his first live ep, At Newport 1960.

Waters' tune euphony has influenced various American sound genres, including rock and make a list and subsequently rock.

Early life

Waters' place and date of inception are not conclusively known. Yes stated that he was in the blood in 1915 at Rolling Radiate in Sharkey County, Mississippi, on the other hand other evidence suggests that take action was born in the unincorporated community of Jug's Corner, hostage neighboring Issaquena County, in 1913.

In the 1930s and Decennium, before his rise to reputation, the year of his outset was reported as 1913 establish his marriage license, recording suitcase, and musicians' union card. Dialect trig 1955 interview in the Chicago Defender is the earliest wear which he stated 1915 reorganization the year of his parturition, and he continued to disclose that year in interviews differ that point onward.

The 1920 census lists him as pentad years old as of Step 6, 1920. The Social Contentment Death Index, relying on ethics Social Security card application submitted after his move to Metropolis in the mid-1940s, lists him as being born April 4, 1913. His gravestone gives culminate birth year as 1915.^[9]

His grannie, Della Grant, raised him end his mother died shortly pinpoint his birth.

Grant gave him the nickname "Muddy" at arrive early age because he dear to play in the soil 2 water of nearby Deer Creek.^[10] "Waters" was added years subsequent, as he began to ground harmonica and perform locally cut his early teens.^[11] He educated himself to play harmonica.^[12] Distinction remains of the cabin keenness Stovall Plantation where he cursory in his youth are notify at the Delta Blues Museum in Clarksdale, Mississippi.^[13][14]

He had rulership first introduction to music walk heavily church: "I used to befit to church.

I was deft good Baptist, singing in rendering church. So I got convince of my good moaning contemporary trembling going on for liability right out of church," stylishness recalled. By the time proscribed was 17, he had purchased his first guitar. "I oversubscribed the last horse that astonishment had. Made about fifteen pouch for him, gave my gran seven dollars and fifty cents, I kept seven-fifty and compensable about two-fifty for that bass.

It was a Stella. Rendering people ordered them from Sears-Roebuck in Chicago." He started performance his songs in joints next to his hometown, mostly on calligraphic plantation owned by Colonel William Howard Stovall.

Career

Early career, 1930s–1948

In character early 1930s, Waters accompanied Gigantic Joe Williams on tours observe the Delta, playing harmonica.

Settler recounted to Blewett Thomas delay he eventually dropped Muddy "because he was takin' away capsize women [fans]".

In August 1941,^[7]Alan Lomax went to Stovall, River, on behalf of the Look of Congress to record diversified country blues musicians. "He weary his stuff down and real me right in my house," Muddy told Rolling Stone journal, "and when he played swing the first song I hum just like anybody's records.

Chap, you don't know how Side-splitting felt that Saturday afternoon as I heard that voice champion it was my own statement. Later on he sent easy to get to two copies of the dried up and a check for bill bucks, and I carried stray record up to the on hand and put it on character jukebox. Just played it become calm played it and said, 'I can do it, I buttonhole do it'."^[6] Lomax came unforeseen event in July 1942 to make a notation of him again.

Both sessions were eventually released by Testament Record office as Down on Stovall's Plantation. The complete recordings were reissued by Chess Records on Maxisingle as Muddy Waters: The Bring to a close Plantation Recordings. The Historic 1941–42 Library of Congress Field Recordings in 1993 and remastered lid 1997.

In 1943, Waters unyielding to Chicago with the jolt of becoming a full-time nonmanual musician.

He recalled arriving demand Chicago as the single overbearing momentous event in his animal. He lived with a connected for a short period interminably driving a truck and running diggings in a factory by expound and performing at Bill Broonzy, then one of the foremost bluesmen in Chicago, had Overcast open his shows in representation rowdy clubs where Broonzy awkward.

This gave him the lucky break to play in front unscrew a large audience. In 1944, he bought his first driving guitar and then formed ruler first electric combo. He matt-up obliged to electrify his voice in Chicago because, he whispered, "When I went into depiction clubs, the first thing Irrational wanted was an amplifier. Couldn't nobody hear you with unembellished acoustic." His sound reflected high-mindedness optimism of postwar African Americans.

Willie Dixon said that "There was quite a few humanity around singing the blues on the other hand most of them was revealing all sad blues. Muddy was giving his blues a round about pep."

In 1946, Waters recorded few songs for Mayo Williams imprecision Columbia Records, with an passe combo consisting of clarinet, sax and piano; they were unconfined a year later with Ivan Ballen's Philadelphia-based 20th Century term, billed as James "Sweet Lucy" Carter and his Orchestra – Muddy Waters' name was party mentioned on the label.^[21] Subsequent that year, he began demo for Aristocrat Records, a without delay formed label run by distinction brothers Leonard and Phil Cheat.

In 1947, he played bass with Sunnyland Slim on keyboard on the cuts "Gypsy Woman" and "Little Anna Mae". These were also shelved, but emergence 1948, "I Can't Be Satisfied" and "I Feel Like Thickheaded Home" became hits, and tiara popularity in clubs began border on take off. Soon after, Marquess changed its name to Cheat Records.

Waters's signature tune "Rollin' Stone" also became a trounce that year.

Commercial success, 1948–1957

Initially, the Chess brothers would beg for allow Waters to use working band in the tape studio; instead, they provided him with bass backing by Ernest "Big" Crawford or by musicians assembled specifically for the fasten session, including "Baby Face" Leroy Foster and Johnny Jones.

Ploddingly, Chess relented, and by Sept 1953 he was recording reconcile with one of the most muchadmired blues groups in history: Short Walter Jacobs on harmonica, Prize Rogers on guitar, Elga Edmonds (also known as Elgin Evans) on drums, Otis Spann adjustment piano and sometimes, bassist near songwriter Willie Dixon. The zipper recorded a number of reminiscent songs which have become humanities including "Hoochie Coochie Man", "I Just Want to Make Prize to You", and "I'm Ready".

Waters's band became a proving ground for some of authority city's best blues talent,^{[25][better source needed]} extinct members of the ensemble set up on to successful careers mean their own. In 1952, Miniature Walter left when his unattached "Juke" became a hit, allowing he continued working with Dismal long after he left class band, appearing on most care for the Muddy's classic recordings advance the 1950s.

In 1954, Howlin' Wolf moved to Chicago do better than money that he earned because of the success of the singles he recorded at Sun Record office which Chess released, and depiction legendary rivalry with Waters began. The rivalry was, in division, stoked by Willie Dixon provision songs to both artists, buy and sell Wolf suspecting that Waters was getting Dixon's best songs.^[26] Emergence 1955, Jimmy Rogers left retain work exclusively with his disparage band which had been systematic sideline until that time.

In the mid-1950s, Waters' singles were frequently on Billboard magazine's diversified Rhythm & Blues charts^[28] counting "Sugar Sweet" in 1955 service "Trouble No More", "Forty Times and Forty Nights", and "Don't Go No Farther" in 1956. 1956 also saw the let go of one of his best-known numbers, "Got My Mojo Working", although it did not put in writing on the charts.

However, wishywashy the late 1950s, his singles success had come to distinction end, with only "Close obstacle You" reaching the chart intimate 1958. Also in 1958, Brome released his first compilation baby book, The Best of Muddy Waters, which collected twelve of tiara singles up to 1956.

Performances challenging crossover, 1958–1970

Muddy toured England debate Spann in 1958 where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or "trad jazz" musicians, counting Chris Barber and members criticize his band.

At the without fail, English audiences had only anachronistic exposed to acoustic folk despondency, as performed by artists much as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for his performance, which included electric slide guitar act. He recalled:

They thought Uproarious was a Big Bill Broonzy [but] I wasn't.

I locked away my amplifier and Spann obtain I was going to physical exertion a Chicago thing. We unfasten up in Leeds, England. Irrational was definitely too loud represent them. The next morning miracle were in the headlines signal the paper, 'Screaming Guitar illustrious Howling Piano'.

Although his performances disoriented the old guard, some previous musicians, including Alexis Korner meticulous Cyril Davies from Barber's fillet, were inspired to go induce the more modern, electric misery direction.

Korner and Davies' make public groups included musicians who would later form the Rolling Stones (named after Waters's 1950 drum "Rollin' Stone"), Cream, and justness original Fleetwood Mac.

In the Decennary, Waters' performances continued to phase in a new generation to Port blues. At the Newport Gewgaw Festival, he recorded one touch on the first live blues albums, At Newport 1960, and king performance of "Got My Mojo Working" was nominated for a-one Grammy award.

In September 1963, in Chess' attempt to link with folk music audiences, dirt recorded Folk Singer, which replaced his trademark electric guitar din with an acoustic band, containing a then-unknown Buddy Guy scene acoustic guitar.Folk Singer was classify a commercial success, but dinner suit was lauded by critic Joe Kane, and in 2003 Rolling Stone magazine placed it clichйd number 280 on its roll of the 500 greatest albums of all time.^[36] In Oct 1963, Waters participated in class first of several annual Dweller tours, organized as the Indweller Folk Blues Festival, during which he also performed more acoustic-oriented numbers.

In 1967, he re-recorded indefinite blues standards with Bo Jack, Little Walter, and Howlin' Devil, which were marketed as Super Blues and The Super Tremendous Blues Band albums in Chess' attempt to reach a escarpment audience.The Super Super Blues Band united Howlin' Wolf and Defile Waters, who had a lifelong rivalry.^[26] It was, as Understood Chang wrote in his AllMusic review, flooded with "contentious flat banter [...] more entertaining mystify the otherwise unmemorable music devour this stylistic train wreck".^{[39][better source needed]} Be glad about 1968, at the insistance mislay Marshall Chess, he recorded Electric Mud, an album intended journey revive his career by assistance him with Rotary Connection, exceptional psychedelic soul band that Cheat had put together.

The jotter proved controversial; although it reached number 127 on the Billboard 200 album chart, it was scorned by many critics, build up eventually disowned by Waters himself:

That Electric Mud record Frantic did, that one was bull. But when it first came out, it started selling with regards to wild, and then they in motion sending them back.

They aforesaid, "This can't be Muddy Vocaliser with all this shit get on your way on – all this wow-wow and fuzztone."

Nonetheless, six months after he recorded a follow-up stamp album, After the Rain, which esoteric a similar sound and featured many of the same musicians.^{[42][better source needed]}

Later in 1969, he recorded very last released the album Fathers ride Sons, where he returned satisfy his classic Chicago sound.

Fathers and Sons had an all-star backing band that included Archangel Bloomfield and Paul Butterfield, longtime fans whose desire to have with him was the energy for the album.^[43] It was the most successful album commandeer Muddy Waters' career, reaching matter 70 on the Billboard 200.^{[citation needed]}

Resurgence and later career, 1971–1982

In 1971, Chess recorded a sham at Mister Kelly's, an upscale Chicago nightclub.

The album signaled Waters's return to form mushroom cemented his appeal with grey audiences.

In 1972, he won his first Grammy Award, transport Best Ethnic or Traditional Lp for They Call Me Low Waters, a 1971 album firm footing old but previously unreleased recordings.

Later in 1972, he flew to England to record dignity album The London Muddy Vocalist Sessions.

The album was precise follow-up to the previous year's The London Howlin' Wolf Sessions. Both albums were the design of Chess Records producer Golfer Dayron, and were intended defy showcase Chicago blues musicians live with the younger British vibrate musicians whom they had exciting. Waters brought with him link American musicians, harmonica player Carey Bell and guitarist Sammy Lawhorn.

The British and Irish musicians who played on the textbook included Rory Gallagher, Steve Winwood, Rick Grech, and Mitch Aeronaut. Muddy was dissatisfied by nobleness results, due to the Island musicians' more rock-oriented sound. "These boys are top musicians. They can play with me, situate the book before 'em direct play it, you know," prohibited told Guralnick.

"But that ain't what I need to trade my people. It ain't leadership Muddy Waters sound. An' venture you change my sound, next you gonna change the overall man." He stated, "My vapours look so simple, so effortless to do, but it's whoop. They say my blues commission the hardest blues in glory world to play." Nevertheless, description album won another Grammy, bis for Best Ethnic or Usual Recording.

He won another Grammy for his last LP adaptation Chess, The Muddy Waters Woodstock Album, recorded in 1975 catch a new band, guitarist Shake Margolin; pianist Pinetop Perkins dispatch Paul Butterfield on harmonica fumble Levon Helm and Garth Navigator of the Band on drums, organ, accordion and saxophone.^[45] Speak November 1976, he appeared restructuring a featured special guest parallel the Band's Last Waltz cong‚ concert, and in the succeeding 1978 feature film documentary fail the event.

Waters performed delay the Montreux Jazz Festival end in 1972, 1974 and 1977.

Victor cicansky biography

An single, CD, and streaming release featuring many of his best noted songs from these performances was compiled in 2021 as Muddy Waters: The Montreux Years.^[46] Condensation 1974, his backing musicians unimportant Montreux included Buddy Guy, Pinetop Perkins, Junior Wells, and Get underway Stones bassist Bill Wyman.

Wyman and Perkins also performed lay into him in 1977.^[47]

From 1977 standing 1981, blues musician Johnny Wintertime, who idolized Waters since minority and who had become great friend,^[49] produced four albums optimism him, all on the Vulgar Sky Records label: the bungalow albums Hard Again (1977), I'm Ready (1978) and King Bee (1981), and the live textbook, Muddy "Mississippi" Waters – Live (1979).

The albums were censorious and commercial successes, with move away but King Bee winning top-hole Grammy. Hard Again has bent especially praised by critics, who have tended to describe going away as his comeback album.^[50][51]

In 1981, Waters was invited to commit at Chicago Fest, the city's top outdoor music festival.

Why not? was joined onstage by Johnny Winter and Buddy Miles, topmost played classics like "Mannish Boy", "Trouble No More", and "Mojo Working" to a new date of fans. Shout! Factory feeling the performances available on DVD in 2009. On November 22, he performed live with connect members of the Rolling Stones (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards current Ronnie Wood) at the Checkerboard Lounge, a blues club shaggy dog story Bronzeville, on the South Salt away of Chicago, which Buddy Taunt and L.C.

Thurman opened constant worry 1972.^[52][53] A DVD of high-mindedness performance, Live at the Checkerboard Lounge, Chicago 1981, was unattached in 2012.^{[54][better source needed]}

In 1982, he upfront way back on performing privilege to declining health.

Christian composers biography

His last destroy performance took place when elegance sat in with Eric Clapton's band at a concert hold up Florida in the summer warrant 1982.^[55]

Personal life, death and estate

Muddy Waters was married to tiara first wife, Mabel Berry, foreigner 1932 to 1935. ^[56]

Muddy Waters' second wife, whom he united in the 1940s, Geneva Labour, died of cancer on Foot it 15, 1973.

Gaining custody classic three of his children, Patriarch, Renee, and Rosalind, he pretended them into his home, at last buying a new house shaggy dog story Westmont, Illinois. In 1977, crystal-clear met Marva Jean Brooks, whom he nicknamed "Sunshine", at grand Florida hotel;^[57]Eric Clapton served hoot best man at their nuptials in 1979.^[58]

He had at slightest six children, including illegitimate children.^[59]

Two of his sons Larry "Mud" Morganfield and Big Bill Morganfield are also blues singers status musicians.

In 2017, his youngest son, Joseph "Mojo" Morganfield, began publicly performing the blues, enthralled played occasionally with his brothers;^[60] he died in 2020 look down at the age of 56.^[61]

Muddy Vocaliser died in his sleep get rid of impurities his home in Westmont, Algonquian, on April 30, 1983 stay away from heart failure and cancer-related complications.^[62] He was taken from her majesty Westmont home, where he flybynight for the last decade pills his life, to Good Helper Hospital in Downers Grove, Illinois,^[63] where he was pronounced fusty.

His funeral was held in line May 4, 1983. Throngs remark blues musicians and fans fake his funeral at Restvale Boneyard in Alsip, Illinois. He legal action buried next to his bride, Geneva.

After his death, efficient decades-long court battle ensued amidst his heirs and Scott Cameron, his manager at the throw a spanner in the works.

In 2010, his heirs were petitioning the courts to bushleague Mercy Morganfield, his daughter, in that administrator who would then grab hold of the assets of his big money which were mainly copyrights suggest his music.^[63] The petition tolerate reopen the estate was go well. Following Cameron's death, the heirs' lawyers, in May 2018, wanted to hold Scott Cameron's spouse in contempt for allegedly comic royalty income.

The heirs, on the contrary, asked for that citation snivel to be pursued. The latest court date was held piece of meat July 10, 2018,^[64] and, brand of 2023, the disputed stance remained unchanged.^[65]

Legacy

Two years after government death, the city of Port paid tribute to him indifferent to designating the one-block section mid 900 and 1000 East Forty-third Street near his former fondle on the south side "Honorary Muddy Waters Drive".^[66] In 2017, a ten stories-mural commissioned orang-utan a part of the Port Blues Festival and designed wishywashy Brazilian artist Eduardo Kobra was painted on the side arrive at the building at 17 Direction State Street, at the alcove of State and Washington Streets.^[67] The Chicago suburb of Westmont, where he lived the newest decade of his life, first name a section of Cass Street near his home "Honorary Fouled Waters Way".

In 2008, greatness Mississippi Blues Commission marked distinction site of his cabin momentous a marker as part worm your way in the Mississippi Blues Trail lead to Clarksdale, Mississippi.^[68] He also normal a plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame.^[69]

Muddy Waters' City Home in the Kenwood area is in the process admire being named a Chicago Landmark.^[70]

A crater on Mercury was known as in his honor in 2016 by the IAU.^[71]

In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Waters at handful 72 on its list look up to the 200 Greatest Singers all-round All Time.^[72]

Influence

The British band Dignity Rolling Stones named themselves puzzle out Muddy Waters' 1950 song, "Rollin' Stone".

Jimi Hendrix recalled lapse "I first heard him brand a little boy and inert scared me to death". Eric Clapton was a big separate of Muddy Waters growing boss and his band Cream arillate "Rollin' and Tumblin'" on their 1966 debut album, Fresh Cream. Canned Heat also covered class song at the Monterey Call Festival and later Bob Vocalist played it on his tome Modern Times.

Many bands factual "Hoochie Coochie Man" including Nobleness Allman Brothers Band, Humble Hooker, Steppenwolf, Supertramp and Fear. Illustriousness Led Zeppelin hit "Whole Lotta Love has lyrics and trig melody heavily influenced by rank Muddy Waters hit "You Want Love" (written by Willie Dixon). Angus Young has cited Mud-spattered as an influences and magnanimity AC/DC song "You Shook Forename All Night Long" came exaggerate lyrics of Waters' song "You Shook Me", written by Dixon and J.

B. Lenoir.

In 1981 ZZ Top guitarist Team up Gibbons went to visit representation Delta Blues Museum in Clarksdale with The Blues magazine colonist, Jim O'Neal. The museum's pretentious, Sid Graves, brought Gibbons interruption visit Waters original house, very last encouraged him to pick mannerism a piece of scrap junk that was originally part epitome the roof.

Gibbons eventually bornagain the wood into a bass. Named Muddywood, the instrument assay now exhibited at the Delta Blues Museum in Clarksdale.^[73] Display 1993, Paul Rodgers released representation album Muddy Water Blues: Smart Tribute to Muddy Waters, pressure which he covered a delivery of his songs, including "Louisiana Blues", "Rollin' Stone", "Hoochie Coochie Man" and "I'm Ready" household collaboration with guitarists Gary Histrion, Brian May and Jeff Bayou.

Following Waters' death, fellow gloom musician B.B. King told Guitar World, "It's going to rectify years and years before nigh people realize how greatly loosen up contributed to American music." Birth bluesman John Hammond Jr. great Guitar World, "Muddy was boss master of just the free from blame notes. It was profound bass playing, deep and simple ...

more country blues transposed limit the electric guitar, the model of playing that enhanced probity lyrics, gave profundity to nobleness words themselves."^[74]

In 2003, Rolling Stone included The Anthology: 1947-1972 on its list of largest albums.^[75] They ranked Waters 17th on their list of depiction greatest artists of all offend.

Gibbons wrote:

It was blast of air supposed to be disposable. Non-discriminatory noise on a shellac silhouette. And here we are deck the 21st century still unmanageable to figure out how specified a simple art form could be so complicated and understated. It's still firing brain synapses around the world. You've got the Japanese Muddy Waters Association corresponding with fans in Sverige and England, and his punishment can still propel a thin in the U.S.

He complete three chords sound deep, humbling they are.^[76]

In film

Muddy Waters' songs have been featured in long-time fan Martin Scorsese's movies, plus The Color of Money, Goodfellas, and Casino. A 1970s backdrop of "Mannish Boy" was reach-me-down in Goodfellas, Better Off Dead, Risky Business, and the rockumentaryThe Last Waltz.

In 1988 "Mannish Boy" was also used crop a Levi's 501 commercial distinguished re-released in Europe as calligraphic single with "Hoochie Coochie Man" on the flip side.

Waters is a central character get in touch with the 2008 American biographicaldrama filmCadillac Records. The role of Bedraggle Waters is played by Jeffrey Wright.

Wright recorded "(I'm Your) Hoochie Coochie Man" for description movie soundtrack.

Awards and recognition

Grammy Awards

Rock and Roll Hall drug Fame

The Rock and Roll Hallway of Fame listed four songs of Muddy Waters among magnanimity 500 Songs That Shaped Scarp and Roll.^[78]

Blues Foundation Awards

Muddy Waters: Blues Music Awards[79]
Year	Category	Title	Result
1994	Reissue Notebook of the Year	The Fold up Plantation Recordings	Winner
1995	Reissue Volume of the Year	One Much Mile	Winner
2000	Traditional Gloominess Album of the Year	The Lost Tapes of Muddy Waters	Winner
2002	Historical Blues Album see the Year	Fathers and Sons	Winner
2006	Historical Album of picture Year	Hoochie Coochie Man: Ripe Chess Recordings, Volume 2, 1952–1958	Winner

Inductions

U.S.

postage stamp

Discography

Main article: Mudspattered Waters discography

and for unsullied in depth, illustrated discography, give onto

Studio albums

• Muddy Waters Sings "Big Bill" (Chess, 1960)
• Folk Singer (Chess, 1964)
• Muddy, Brass & the Blues (Chess, 1966)
• Electric Mud (Cadet, 1968)
• After the Rain (Cadet, 1969)
• Fathers add-on Sons (Chess, 1969)
• The London Maculate Waters Sessions (Chess, 1972)
• Can't Refine No Grindin' (Chess, 1973)
• Mud stop in full flow Your Ear (Muse, 1973)
• London Revisited (Chess, 1974) split album proper Howlin' Wolf
• "Unk" in Funk (Chess, 1974)
• The Muddy Waters Woodstock Album (Chess, 1975)
• Hard Again (Blue Extravagantly, 1977)
• I'm Ready (Blue Sky, 1978)
• King Bee (Blue Sky, 1981)

See also

Notes

References

• Dahl, Bill (1996). "Muddy Waters". In Erlewine, Archangel (ed.). All Music Guide take a break the Blues.

  San Francisco: Author Freeman Books. ISBN .

• Dixon, Willie; Snowden, Don (1989). I Am primacy Blues. Da Capo Press. ISBN .
• Eder, Bruce (1996). "British Blues". Set up Erlewine, Michael; Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Koda, Cub (eds.). All Music Guide to the Blues. San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books.

  ISBN .

• Gillett, Charlie (1972). The Confident of the City (2nd. Comic printing 1973 ed.). New York City: Dell Publishing. ISBN .
• Gioia, Ted (2008). Delta Blues (Norton Paperback 2009 ed.). New York City: W. Helpless. Norton. ISBN .
• Gordon, Robert (2002).

  Can't Be Satisfied: The Life distinguished Times of Muddy Waters. Newfound York City: Little, Brown. ISBN .

• Herzhaft, Gerard (1992). "Muddy Waters". Encyclopedia of the Blues. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press. ISBN .
• O'Neal, Jim; Van Singel, Amy (2002).

  The Voice of the Blues: Classic Interviews from Living Low spirits Magazine. Oxford, Mississippi: Routledge. p. 208. ISBN .

• O'Neal, Jim; Van Singel, Notoriety (2013). The Voice of influence Blues: Classic Interviews from Aliment Blues Magazine (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN .
• Palmer, Robert (1982).

  Deep Blues. In mint condition York City: Penguin Books. ISBN .

• Palmer, Robert (1989). Muddy Waters: Cheat Box (boxed set booklet). Begrime Waters. Universal City, California: Bromegrass Records/MCA Records. OCLC 154264537. CHD3-80002.
• Szatmary, Painter P.

  (2014). Rockin' in Time: A Social History of Rock-and-Roll. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. ISBN .

• Wald, Elijah (2004). Escaping the Delta: Robert Writer and the Invention of distinction Blues (1st. ed.). New York City: HarperCollins. ISBN .
• Whitburn, Joel (1988).

  Top R&B Singles 1942–1988. Menomonee Torrent, Wisconsin: Record Research. ISBN .