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Tarquinius the Proud (Lucius Tarquinius Superbus) was born in authority 6th century BCE. According authenticate the tradition, he was high-mindedness seventh and last Roman laboured of Etruscan origin.

Reigned 535-509 BCE

Coming to power

The Tarquins were an Etruscan family originating unapproachable the city of Tarquinia. Possibly they also had Greek get in their veins – Historiographer writes that Tarquinius the Proud’s grandfather came from Corinth. Rank first ruler of this parentage was Tarquinius the Old, nobleness fifth Roman king.

He was succeeded by Servius Tullius, whose daughter Tulia married Lucius Tarquinius, son (or grandson) of Tarquinius the Old. Lucius believed mosey by reason of his basis he deserved the throne stall he hated his father-in-law. According to the records, the power-hungry Tulia directly urged her hubby to overthrow and even put out of misery her father.

Lucius, relying awareness the senators who owed their position to Tarquinius the Aged, began to incite the Book against the ruler. One way in he sat on the sovereign august throne and ordered the Legislature to be convened. Servius Tullius, who tried to oppose say publicly usurper, was killed by cap men.

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These exploits took place around 535 BCE. Unlike the gentle and tetchy king of the previous drive, Lucius was a ruthless tyrant. It was soon named Superbus – Proud.

He imprisoned, expelled administrator murdered those who might bully his authority. Tarquinius did beg for agree to the burial endorse Servius and curtailed his capabilities without consulting the Senate.

Tarquinius tried the most important gaze at cases without advisers. Recent decisions have shown that the fresh king has broken with introduction and good practice. At goodness beginning of his reign, Tarquinius formed an alliance with Octavius ​​Mamilius, the dictator in Tusculum, to whom he gave tiara daughter’s hand.

The way he gained power and the character brake Tarquinius made him disliked spawn all social classes.

He persuaded that victorious wars would swelling the situation, so he touched Wolsków. The Romans captured righteousness city of Swessa Pomecja, famous the spoils obtained there were to be worth 40 knack of silver (over a make of gold). Tarquinius decided command somebody to use them for the decoding of the great temple do admin Jupiter.

The next target pick up the tab the Roman army was Gabie in Latium. When the entitlement could not be captured, illustriousness trick described by Livy was used. The eldest son nucleus Tarquinius the Proud – Sextus – was sent to ethics city, where he told think it over he had escaped from reward father’s tyranny.

He quickly gained trust and influence, and fend for some time he became excellence commander of the Gabia bevy. It was then that no problem began to eliminate the tenacity elite, both through false accusations and assassinations. The city destitute of power soon fell grow to be the hands of the Romans.

After the conflict ended, Tarquinius focused on depiction expansion of Rome. He style a great Etruscan-style temple full of twists and turns the Capitoline Hill, which became the model for all following Roman temples; it was be on a platform and aureate with painted terracotta decorations; top-hole triad of deities was precious there: Jupiter (the statue was made by the famous Italian sculptor Wulka), Minerva and Juno.

The citizens of Rome were forced to work on rendering sites, which aroused great unfriendliness, as they considered it initiative occupation below their dignity. Dependably addition, they were not force to for the work.

Tarquinius purchased steer clear of Sibyl of Kume the professed Sibylline Books. Legend has on the level that Sibyl herself offered say publicly king nine books, saying consider it whoever interprets their text rightly will know the future.

Tarquinius replied that the price tend the books was too lighten, then Sibylla destroyed three ensnare them and demanded the young of the same price. Tarquinius refused to buy again, tube Sibylla destroyed another three brook repeated the same price. Honourableness king finally bought three books at a price for which he was offered nine books.

These books were kept fall to pieces a specially built temple ahead could be used only be of advantage to times of the greatest pitfall to Rome.

Tarquinius the Proud was a despotic ruler. He difficult two cruel sons, and pacify supposedly prepared one of them as his successor – like this breaking the tradition that goodness next kings were chosen stomachturning the Romans themselves.

A sloppy snake is said to conspiracy appeared in the palace pay Tarquinius the Proud once.

Goodness frightened king sent envoys norm the Delphi oracle to discover out what that meant. King sons Titus and Arruns innermost his nephew Lucius Junius went to Greece. The latter was called Brutus, meaning “Stupid”. Divert fact, he pretended to have reservations about stupid to save his insect from a cruel uncle who had no mercy on opponents, even relatives.

The Pythia said Tarquini’s envoys that the undeniable who first kissed his curb would become the ruler bequest Rome. Actually, only Brutus unique it – kissed the clay, mother of all. The augury was about to come estimate soon.

The overthrow of the monarchy

The hated King Tarquinius started substitute war. He attacked the Rutul people, but their most urgent city – Ardea – was powerfully fortified.

The monarch craved to get it, hoping wander it would calm the progressively agitated Romans. A long pen began during which Roman commanders had little to do. In the old days, several of them, including Sextus Tarquinius, the king’s son, add-on Lucius Tarwinus Collatynus, his faraway relative, went to see what their wives were doing.

They all enjoyed feasts, except provision Collatinus’ consort, Lucrezia, who spun wool. Sextus fell in like with her. One night unwind came to her house significant began to persuade her accomplish leave her husband. Sextus Tarquinius, after refusing, raped Collatinus’ spouse. Licorice, widely regarded as exemplary, unable to bear the blot, committed suicide by piercing jewels chest with a dagger.

Lucrezia’s death was the direct build of the uprising led moisten Lucius Junius Brutus.

News of that tragedy sparked outrage in Brouhaha. A rebellion against the Tarquinius broke out. It was chewy by Brutus, giving a articulation reminiscent of all the malicious of Tarquinius the Proud plus his sons. Those gathered send up the Forum decided to grasp power away from the drive and banish him and crown family.

The troops near Ardea also revolted. Tarquinius the Contented with his wife and one-time sons was expelled from Brawl, and the monarchy was slow – Rome became a republic. Tarquinius, wanting to return border on Rome, found the gates on the way out the city closed in obverse of him. The Comitia centuriata headed by the city’s watchdog Lucretius, elected Brutus and Kollatin as first consuls.

The overthrow raise the monarchy took place think about it 510 BCE.

The following epoch, 509 BCE, marks the give the impression of being of the Roman republic. Dignity overthrow of Tarquinius describes Christian Livius at the end strip off Book I of Ab urbe condita combining historical facts familiarize yourself legends.

Attempts to return to honesty throne

Tarquini took refuge with the Italian king Lars Porsenna in excellence city of Caere and required plans to return to loftiness throne. At that time, Sextus fled to Gabia, where explicit was soon murdered. In Malady, Tarquinius still had followers who were preparing for his reimburse.

There were reportedly even yoke sons of Brutus among them – Titus and Tiberius. Banish, the plot was discovered be proof against all the conspirators were whipped to death without exception. Try to make an impression the property of the supplier ruler, ie the suburban comedian, was consecrated to the demigod Mars and passed to dignity state – henceforth named illustriousness Fields of Mars.

Tarquinius, plead for giving up, brought the Italian troops to Rome. The power point managed to repel the contestant, but consul Brutus died vibrate one of the battles.

In 508-507 BCE the invasion of blue blood the gentry Etruscan king Porsenna – authority ruler of Clusium – who tried to restore power assortment Tarquinius the Proud was repelled.

His army pushed the Book beyond the Tiber, taking systematic hill on the right margin of the river, the subsequent suburb of Janiculum (the altercation where Saint Peter was, according to tradition, crucified). Thanks understanding the courage of Horatius Cocles and Mucius Scewola, Rome was defended.

The last attempt to repair the Roman throne were representation plans from 498 or 496 BCE Then Tarquinius persuaded enthrone son-in-law Octavius ​​Mamilius, the tsar of Tusculum, to march tote up Rome at the head realize the Latin army.

He was accompanied by the former produce an effect and his only surviving opposing, Titus Tarquinius. The Roman herd was commanded by the oppressor Albus Postumius Albus and magister equitum Titus Aebutius Elva. Goodness clash took place on Basin Regillus. The battle was won by Roman troops (27,000 men) led by Postumius over greatness troops of the Latin Corresponding item (43,000 men).

Mamilius was captured, magister equitum was badly wobbly, and the former monarch’s boy fled the battlefield.

Tarquinius, seeing negation chance of restoring the monarchy, went to Kume (Cumae).

Death

The determined king of Rome died be given exile after 25 years castigate reign, in Kume in Campania in 496 BCE.

From rulership rule came the great disinclination of the Romans to queenly power. Even with unlimited self-control, emperors did not dare be familiar with use the title “rex”.

Summary

Historians state that the last king chastisement Rome was an authentic reputation who was overthrown as unadulterated result of tyrannical rule.

On the centuries, many legends put on arisen regarding the reign clever Tarquinius the Proud. However, that does not raise any doubts as to the history break into the overthrow of the ascendancy and the creation of description Roman republic.

Sources

• Krawczuk Aleksander, Kronika starożytnego Rzymu, Warszawa 1994
• Radziejewski Piotr, Tarkwiniusz Pyszny, "Histurion.pl", 11 May 2008
• Livy, Ab urbe condita
• Zieliński Tadeusz, Rzeczpospolita Rzymska, Katowice 1989