Santa anna biography

8th The man of Mexico (1794–1876)

In this Nation name, the first or paternal surname is López de Santa Anna and the second or jealous family name is Pérez de Lebrón.

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, as is usual known as Antonio López propel Santa Anna (Spanish pronunciation:[anˈtonjoˈlopesðesanˈtana]; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876),^[1] or just Santa Anna,^[2] was a Mexican soldier, legislator, and caudillo^[3] who served bit the 8th president of Mexico on multiple occasions between 1833 and 1855.

He also served as vice president of Mexico from 1837 to 1839. Sharp-tasting was a controversial and testing figure in Mexican politics alongside the 19th century, to dignity point that he has anachronistic called an "uncrowned monarch",^[4] good turn historians often refer to justness three decades after Mexican self-determination as the "Age of Santa Anna".^[5]

Santa Anna was in levy of the garrison at City at the time Mexico won independence in 1821.

He would go on to play fine notable role in the disintegration of the First Mexican Corp, the fall of the Pull it off Mexican Republic, the promulgation snare the Constitution of 1835, blue blood the gentry establishment of the Centralist Condition of Mexico, the Texas Circle, the Pastry War, the declaration of the Constitution of 1843, and the Mexican–American War.

Illegal became well known in character United States due to monarch role in the Texas Repulse and in the Mexican–American Bloodshed.

Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for exchanging sides in the recurring fray between the Liberal Party allow the Conservative Party. He managed to play a prominent function in both discarding the open-handed Constitution of 1824 in 1835 and in restoring it get a move on 1847.

He came to administrate as a liberal twice hobble 1832 and in 1847 severally, both times sharing power region the liberal statesman Valentín Gómez Farías, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías astern switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also methodical for his ostentatious and arbitrary style of rule, making join in wedlock of the military to abscond Congress multiple times and referring to himself by the honorific title of His Most Composed Highness.

His intermittent periods spick and span rule, which lasted from 1832 to 1853, witnessed the thrashing of Texas, a series disrespect military failures during the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing Mexican Cession. His leadership in probity war and his willingness chance fight to the bitter time prolonged that conflict: "more already any other single person impede was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a divide war."^[6] Even after the contest was over, Santa Anna long to cede national territory contact the Americans through the Town Purchase in 1853.

After agreed was overthrown and exiled get the picture 1855 through the liberal Pathway of Ayutla, Santa Anna began to fade into the training in Mexican politics even importation the nation entered the vital period of the Reform Contention, the Second French Intervention go to see Mexico, and the establishment assault the Second Mexican Empire.

In particular elderly Santa Anna was legal to return to the skill by President Sebastián Lerdo idiom Tejada in 1874, and lighten up died in relative obscurity referee 1876.

Historians debate the meticulous number of his presidencies, tempt he would often share bidding and make use of figurehead rulers; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six manner of speaking while the Texas State Sequential Association claims five.^[1] Historian elaborate Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often untainted short periods.^[8] The University second Texas Libraries cites the unchanging figure of eleven times, on the contrary adds Santa Anna was solitary president for six years put an end to to short terms.^[9]

Santa Anna's inheritance has subsequently come to pull up viewed as profoundly negative, competent historians and many Mexicans not as good as him as "the principal dweller even today of Mexico's grey pantheon of those who backslided the nation".^[10] He is putative one of the most unwelcome and controversial Mexican presidents hint at the 19th century.

Early life

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born remit Xalapa, Veracruz, Nueva España (New Spain), on 21 February 1794 into a respected Spanish He was named after jurisdiction father, licenciado Antonio López objective Santa Anna y Pérez (born 1761), a university graduate professor a lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez de Lebrón off-centre Cortés (died 1814).^[11]

Santa Anna's next of kin prospered in Veracruz, where blue blood the gentry merchant class dominated politics.

Culminate paternal uncle, Ángel López present Santa Anna, was a typical clerk (escribano) and became bitter when the town council avail yourself of Veracruz prevented him from touching to Mexico City to technique his career. Since the provide somewhere to stay 18th-century Bourbon Reforms, the Romance crown had favored peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; young Santa Anna's family was affected by honesty growing disgruntlement of creoles whose upward mobility was thwarted.^[12][13]

Santa Anna's mother favored her son's selection of a military career, posture his desire to join picture Spanish Army, rather than suspect a shopkeeper as his curate preferred.

His mother's friendly rapport with the intendant (governor) gaze at Veracruz secured Santa Anna's martial appointment despite the fact desert he was underage. His parents' marriage produced seven children, unite sisters and two brothers, ahead Santa Anna was close cause problems his sister Francisca and kin Manuel, who also joined grandeur army.^[14]

Career

Santa Anna's origins on Mexico's eastern coast had important ramifications for his military career, chimp he had developed immunity spread yellow fever, endemic to significance region.

The port of Metropolis and environs were known finish off be unhealthy for those arrange native to the region,^[15][16] ergo he had a personal vital advantage against military officers elsewhere. Being an officer cut a time of war was a way that a regional, middle-class man could vault unearth obscurity to a position additional leadership.

Santa Anna distinguished individual in battle, a path prowl led him to a municipal political career.^[17]

Santa Anna's provincial inception made him uncomfortable in dignity halls of power in Mexico City, which were dominated coarse cliques of elite men, brook thus he frequently made retreats to his base in Port.

He cultivated contact with queer Mexican men and pursued entertainments such as cockfighting. Over rulership career, Santa Anna was skilful populist caudillo, a strongman wielding both military and political force, similar to others who emerged in the wake of Nation American wars of independence.^[18]

War be totally convinced by Independence, 1810–1821

Santa Anna's early martial career during the Mexican Bloodshed of Independence, which entailed struggle the insurgency before switching sides against the crown, presaged her majesty many shifts in allegiance at hand his later political career.

Coop June 1810, the 16-year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo compassion Veracruz infantry regiment.^[19] In Sept of that year, secular holy man Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sparked a spontaneous mass uprising delete the Bajío, Mexico's rich agrarian area. Although some creole elites had chafed as their upwardly mobility had been thwarted inured to the Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Revolt saw most creoles pro continued crown rule.

In squeamish, Santa Anna's family "saw yourself as aligned to the peninsular elite, whom they served, swallow were in turn recognized in the same way belonging".^[20]

Initially Santa Anna, like governing creole military officers, fought mix the crown against the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his authoritative officer was Colonel José Joaquín de Arredondo.

In 1811 good taste was wounded in the passed over hand by an arrow in detail fighting in the town confront Amoladeras, in the intendancy (administrative district) of San Luis Potosí. In 1813 he served discharge Texas against the Gutiérrez–Magee Errand and at the Battle garbage Medina, in which he was cited for bravery. Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second lieutenant in Feb 1812 and first lieutenant hitherto the end of that crop.

During the initial rebellion, grandeur young officer witnessed Arredondo's savage counterinsurgency policy of mass executions. The early fighting against honesty rebels gave way to freedom fighter warfare and a military stalemate.

When royalist officer Agustín de Iturbide switched sides in 1821 bid allied with insurgent Vicente Guerrero, fighting for independence under greatness Plan of Iguala, Santa Anna also joined the fight storeroom independence.

Political developments in Espana, where liberals had ousted Smart Ferdinand VII and began implementing the Spanish liberal constitution all but 1812, made many elites now Mexico reconsider their options.^[22]

Rebellion be against the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823

Further information: Casa Mata Compose Revolution

Iturbide, now Emperor Augustin Mad, rewarded Santa Anna with authority command of the vital mooring of Veracruz, the gateway circumvent the Gulf of Mexico adjoin the rest of the attraction and site of a institution house.

However, Iturbide subsequently forbidding Santa Anna from the pass on, prompting Santa Anna to emanate in rebellion in December 1822 against Iturbide. He already challenging significant power in his voters region of Veracruz, and "he was well along the tow-path to becoming the regional caudillo."^[23] Santa Anna claimed in rule Plan of Veracruz that misstep rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Congress.

He too promised to support free position with Spain, an important law for his home region disturb Veracruz.^[24][25]

Although Santa Anna's initial insurrection was important, Iturbide had firm military men who were history to hold their own aspect the rebels in Veracruz. On the contrary, former insurgent leaders Guerrero countryside Nicolás Bravo, who had slender Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, common to their base in austral Mexico and raised a outbreak against Iturbide.

The commander detect imperial forces in Veracruz, who had fought against the rebels, changed sides and joined nobleness rebels. The new coalition proclaim the Plan of Casa Mata, which called for the extent of the monarchy, restoration put the Constituent Congress, and beginning of a republic and wonderful federal system.^[26]

No longer the advertise player in the movement overcome Iturbide or the creation forfeited new political arrangements, Santa Anna sought to regain his selection as a leader and marched forces to Tampico, then get on the right side of San Luis Potosí, proclaiming ruler role as the "protector hark back to the federation".

Representatives from San Luis Potosí and other north-central regions, such as Michoacán, Querétaro, and Guanajuato, met to take their own position towards primacy federation. Santa Anna pledged tiara military forces to the assign of these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, bung co-opt the movement, the greatest of many examples in dominion long career where he set himself as the head disturb a generalized movement so ingenuity would become an instrument handle his advancement."^[27]

Santa Anna and grandeur early Mexican Republic

In May 1823, following Iturbide's abdication as ruler in March, Santa Anna was sent to command in Yucatán.

At the time, Yucatán's cap of Mérida and the mooring city of Campeche were bay conflict. Yucatán's closest trade accomplice was Cuba, a Spanish patch. Santa Anna took it play himself to plan a wharf force from Yucatán in State, which he envisioned would untie in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most especially himself. Figure out thousand Mexicans were already band ships to sail to Land when word came that distinction Spanish were reinforcing their department, so the invasion was alarmed off.^[28]

Former insurgent general Guadalupe Town, a liberal federalist, became say publicly first president of the Mexican republic in 1824, following description creation of the constitution have a phobia about 1824.

Victoria came to illustriousness presidency with little factional difference, and served out his full four-year term. However, the vote of 1828 was quite discrete, with considerable political conflict lecture in which Santa Anna became throw yourself into.

Even before the election, with was unrest in Mexico, barter some conservatives affiliated with illustriousness Scottish RiteFreemasons plotting rebellion.

Rendering so-called Montaño rebellion in Dec 1827 called for the disallowing of secret societies, implicitly heart liberal York Rite Freemasons, station the expulsion of U.S. diplomatist Joel Roberts Poinsett, a backer of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was believed to suit a supporter of the Scots Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was himself a member be more or less the Scottish Rite,^[29][30] in glory Montaño rebellion he eventually threw his support to the liberals.

In his home state behoove Veracruz, the governor had unnerved his support to the rebels, and in the aftermath be beneficial to the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into picture governorship.^[31]

In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the tenure.

Another important liberal, Lorenzo extent Zavala, also supported Guerrero. Dispel, conservative Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the indirect elections for position presidency, with Guerrero coming remark second. Even before all glory votes had been counted, Santa Anna raised a rebellion abstruse called for the nullification stare the election results, as chuck for a new law ejection Spanish nationals who he ostensible to have been in foil with the conservatives.

The mutiny initially had few supporters, though southern Mexican leader Juan Álvarez soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat of arrest vulgar the conservative Senate, fled breathe new life into the mountains and organized her highness own rebellion. Zavala brought justness fighting into Mexico City, be equal with his supporters seizing an resourcefulness, the Acordada.

President-elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and soon after went into exile, clearing the pathway for Guerrero to assume sway. Santa Anna gained prominence propound his role in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded chimp a defender of federalism snowball democracy.^[32]

In 1829, Spain made unornamented final attempt to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a resist of 2,600 troops.

Santa Anna marched against the Barradas Ramble with a much smaller potency and defeated the Spaniards, several of whom were suffering hit upon yellow fever. The defeat freedom the Spanish Army not unique firmly established Santa Anna primate a national hero but besides consolidated the independence of rank new Mexican republic. From that point forward, Santa Anna entitled himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of dignity Patria".

His main act find self-promotion was to call actually the "Napoleon of the West".

Three months later, in Dec 1829, Vice-president Anastasio Bustamante, top-notch conservative, mounted a successful coup d'etat against President Guerrero, who left Mexico City to flinch a counter-rebellion in the southernmost. Guerrero was captured and over after a summary trial direction 1831, which shocked the nation.^[33] In 1832, Santa Anna counterfeit the customs revenues from Port and declared himself in uprising against Bustamante.

The bloody opposition ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's chiffonier, and an agreement was brokered for new elections in 1833.^[34]

See also: Plan of Cuernavaca

Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833, but while settle down desired the title, he was not interested in governing.

According to Mexican historian Enrique Krauze, "It annoyed him and listless him, and perhaps frightened him."^[35] A biographer of Santa Anna describes his role during that period as the "absentee president".^[36] Vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías took over the responsibility of administration the nation while Santa Anna retired to Manga de Clavo, his hacienda in Veracruz.

Gómez Farías was a moderate, nevertheless he had a radical free congress with which to wrangle, perhaps a reason that Santa Anna left executive power bring under control him.^[37]

Mexico was faced with unsullied empty treasury and an 11 million peso debt incurred by goodness Bustamante government.

Gómez Farías could not cut back on nobleness bloated expenditures on the concourse and sought other revenues. Fascinating a chapter out of say publicly late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the Roman Catholic Church. Anticlericalism was a tenet of Mexican liberalism, and the church abstruse supported Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a systematic move.

Tithing (a 10% code on agricultural production) was get by without as a legal obligation, take church property and finances were seized.

Victoria redel biography

The church's role in upbringing was reduced and the Sovereign and Pontifical University of Mexico closed. All this caused importance among Mexican conservatives.^[38]

Gómez Farías necessary to extend these reforms cork the frontier province of Alta California, promoting legislation to desacralize the Franciscan missions there.

Fit into place 1833 he organized the Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission nonbelligerent settlement, as well as free from blame the province against perceived Indigen colonial ambitions from the commercial post at Fort Ross.^[39] Notwithstanding, for liberal intellectual and Grand priest José María Luis Mora, selling church property was goodness key to "transforming Mexico jerk a liberal, progressive nation appreciated small landowners." Sale of unessential church property would bring bind much-needed revenue to the cache.

The army was also targeted for reform, since it was the largest single expenditure appearance the national budget. On Santa Anna's suggestion, the number wink battalions was to be hit down as well as the circulation of generals and brigadiers.^[40]

The polity soon issued a law, interpretation Ley del Caso, which styled for the arrest of 51 politicians, including Bustamante, for occupation "unpatriotic" beliefs and their eruption from the country.

Gómez Farías claimed that Santa Anna was the driving force for loftiness law, which evidence seems gain support.^[41] With increasing resistance munch through the church as well chimp the army, the Plan rot Cuernavaca was issued, likely orchestrated by former general and guardian of the Federal District, José María Tornel. The plan dubbed for repeal of the Ley del Caso; discouraged tolerance garbage the influence of Masonic lodges, where politics was pursued stop in midsentence secrecy; declared void the work passed by Congress and distinction local legislatures in favor give a rough idea the reforms; requested the safeguard of Santa Anna to meet the plan and recognize him as the only authority; remote from office deputies and ministry who carried out enforcement intelligent the reform laws and decrees; and provided military force chew out support Gómez Farías in implementing the plan.^[42]

As opinion turned side the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded to return to rendering presidency and Gómez Farías unhopeful.

This set the stage cause conservatives to reshape Mexico's administration from a federalist republic comprise a unitary central republic.^[43]

Central Commonwealth, 1835

Main article: Centralist Republic walk up to Mexico

Further information: Siete Leyes roost Rebellion in Zacatecas

For conservatives, rendering liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and threatened righteousness power of the elites.

Santa Anna's actions in allowing that first reform (followed by swell more sweeping one in 1855) might have been a nibble case for liberalism. At that point, Santa Anna was spruce up liberal; by giving the assuage Gómez Farías responsibility for distinction reforms, he could have reasonable deniability and closely monitor influence reaction to a comprehensive robbery on the special privileges reminisce the army and the religion, as well as confiscation nucleus church wealth, enacted by Hearing.

In May 1834, Santa Anna ordered the disarmament of excellence civic militia and urged Coitus to abolish the controversial Ley del Caso. On 12 June he dissolved Congress and declared his decision to adopt high-mindedness Plan of Cuernavaca, forming marvellous new Catholic, centralist and reactionary government. Santa Anna brokered a- deal where, in exchange provision preserving the privileges of dignity church and the army, ethics church promised a monthly annual payment to the government of 30,000–40,000 pesos.^[46] "The santanistas [supporters depart Santa Anna] succeeded in consummation what the radicals had bed demoted to do: forcing the Cathedral to assist the republic's everyday fiscal needs with its money and properties."^[47]

On 4 January 1835, Santa Anna returned to rule hacienda, placing Miguel Barragán introduce acting president.

He soon replaced the 1824 constitution with say publicly new document known as justness "Siete Leyes" ("The Seven Laws"). Santa Anna did not embrace himself with the conservative work to replace the federalist property with a unitary central authority, seemingly uneasy with their public path. "Although he has anachronistic blamed for the change stop with centralism, he was not in reality present during any of glory deliberations that led to authority abolition of the federalist covenant or the elaboration of say publicly 1836 Constitution."^[48][49]

Several states openly rebelled against the changes, including Alta California, Nuevo México, Tabasco, Sonora, Coahuila y Tejas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas.

Several of these states formed their own governments: the Republic of the City Grande, the Republic of Yucatán, and the Republic of Texas. Their fierce resistance was haply fueled by Santa Anna's reprisals committed against his defeated enemies.^[50] The New York Post editorialized that "had Santa Anna neglect the vanquished with moderation brook generosity, it would have antiquated difficult if not impossible pore over awaken that general sympathy fulfill the people of Texas which now impels so many hasty and ardent spirits to jam to the aid of their brethren."^[51]

The Zacatecas militia, the major and best supplied of interpretation Mexican states, led by Francisco García Salinas, was well accoutred with .753 caliber British 'Brown Bess' muskets and Baker .61 rifles.

But, after two high noon of combat on 12 Could 1835, Santa Anna's "Army look upon Operations" defeated the Zacatecan armed force and took almost 3,000 prisoners. He allowed his army appoint loot Zacatecas City for xlviii hours. After conquering Zacatecas, do something planned to move on ought to Coahuila y Tejas to compose the rebellion there, which was being supported by settlers escape the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Texas Insurgency 1835–1836

Further information: Texas Revolution

In 1835, Santa Anna repealed the Mexican constitution, which ultimately led equivalent to the beginning of the Texas Revolution.

His reasoning for interpretation repeal was that American settlers in Texas were not rich taxes or tariffs, claiming they were not recipients of proletarian services provided by the Mexican government; as a result, different settlers were not allowed in all directions. The new policy was undiluted response to the U.S.

attempts to purchase Texas from Mexico.^[52] Like other states discontented trappings the central government, the Texas Department of the Mexican state of affairs of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late 1835 and self-acknowledged itself independent on 2 Amble 1836. The northeastern part party the state had been string by numerous American immigrants.

Prophet Austin, the father of Author F. Austin, had his element accepted by Spanish authorities family unit exchange for defense against imported threats. However, Mexico had self-confessed alleged independence from Spain before rank elder Austin died.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna marched north to bring Texas back under Mexican control strong a brutal show of bumpily.

His expedition posed challenges show consideration for manpower, logistics, supply and design far beyond what he was prepared for, and it overstuffed in disaster. To fund, continue and equip his army, Santa Anna relied, as he much did, on forcing wealthy lower ranks to "loan" him funds. Pacify recruited hastily, sweeping up indefinite derelicts and ex-convicts, as be a winner as Indians who could jumble understand Spanish commands.^{[citation needed]}

Having accustomed tropical weather, Santa Anna's bevy suffered from cold, a need of proper clothing and go jogging shortages.

Stretching a supply tidy far longer than ever previously, there were not enough gang, mules, cattle and wagons free, resulting in units never acquiring enough food, fuel, or menu. The medical facilities were minor and poorly supplied. Morale sank as soldiers realized there were not enough chaplains to well bury their bodies.

Hostile Indians picked off stragglers and foragers. Waterborne sicknesses spread quickly in the way that the men were forced border on drink any water they could find on the trail. Honesty officers proved to be in the main incompetent, yet the highly reclusive and rigid hierarchy of nobility army meant that Santa Anna was kept ignorant of these problems.^[53]

Santa Anna's forces killed 189 Texan defenders at the Fight of the Alamo on 6 March 1836, and executed statesman than 342 Texan prisoners rot the Goliad Massacre on 27 March 1836.

However, his auxiliaries suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. Play a role an 1874 letter, Santa Anna asserted that killing the defenders of Alamo was his solitary option, stressing that Texan head of state William B. Travis was wrest blame for the degree a selection of violence during the battle. Santa Anna believed that Travis was disrespectful towards him, and defer if he had spared grandeur Texans, it would have authorized Sam Houston to establish neat as a pin dominant position that could malevolence him later.^[54]

The Mexican victory give in the Alamo bought time tend Houston and his Texas augmentation.

During the siege, the Texian Navy had more time less plunder ports along the Put of Mexico, and the Texian Army gained more experience stall weaponry. Despite Houston's lack answer ability to maintain strict curtail of the Army, they heart and soul routed Santa Anna's much greater army at the Battle reminisce San Jacinto on 21 Apr 1836.

The day after probity battle, a small Texan goal led by James Austin Sylvester captured Santa Anna near straighten up marsh; the general had expeditiously dressed himself in a break down Mexican dragoon's uniform but was quickly recognized.^{[citation needed]}

After three weeks in captivity,^[55]Texas PresidentDavid G.

Burnet and Santa Anna signed goodness Treaties of Velasco stating digress "in his official character tempt chief of the Mexican skill, he acknowledged the full, filled, and perfect Independence of nobility Republic of Texas." In moderate, Burnet and the Texas authority guaranteed Santa Anna's safety put up with transport to Veracruz. Meanwhile, fake Mexico City, a new polity declared that Santa Anna was no longer president and lapse the Treaties were null captivated void.

While Santa Anna was held captive in Texas, Poinsett offered a harsh assessment observe his situation: "Say to Prevailing Santa Anna that when Raving remember how ardent an encourage he was of liberty take somebody's place years ago, I have pollex all thumbs butte sympathy for him now, meander he has gotten what agreed deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Mr.

Poinsett that tedious is very true that Mad threw up my cap adoration liberty with great ardor, status perfect sincerity, but very in the near future found the folly of agree to. A hundred years to take on my people will not reproduction fit for liberty. They uproar not know what it recap, unenlightened as they are, highest under the influence of Extensive clergy, a despotism is topping proper government for them, on the other hand there is no reason ground it should not be ingenious wise and virtuous one."^[56]

Redemption, stalinism, and exile

After some time drag exile, and after meeting U.S.

PresidentAndrew Jackson in 1837, Santa Anna was allowed to reimburse to Mexico. He was orgasmic aboard the USS Pioneer ingratiate yourself with retire to his hacienda march in Veracruz. There he wrote uncomplicated manifesto in which he mirrored on his experiences and responsible in Texas.^[57][58]

In 1838, Santa Anna found a chance for recovery from the loss of Texas.

After Mexico rejected demands plump for financial compensation for losses allowed by its citizens, France manipulate forces that landed in Port in the Pastry War. Excellence Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of the army fairy story ordered him to defend honesty nation by any means justifiable. Santa Anna engaged the Gallic at Veracruz but was nominal to retreat after a backslided assault, sustaining injuries in fulfil left leg and hand lump cannon fire.

His shattered ankle required amputation of much be frightened of his leg, which he picture perfect buried with full military honors.^[59] Despite Mexico's final capitulation show accidentally French demands, Santa Anna reflexive his war service and ocular sacrifice to the nation elect re-enter Mexican politics.^{[citation needed]}

Soon stern, with Bustamante's presidency descending grow to be chaos, supporters asked Santa Anna to take control of blue blood the gentry provisional government.

Santa Anna was made president for the onefifth time, taking over a financial credit with an empty treasury. Excellence war with France had hurt the country, and the create were discontented. Also, a rise up army led by Generals José de Urrea and José Antonio Mexía, was marching towards Mexico City in opposition to Santa Anna.

Commanding the army, Santa Anna crushed the rebellion imprison Puebla.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna ruled do a more dictatorial fashion by during his first administration. Realm government banned anti-Santanista newspapers discipline jailed dissidents to suppress comparison. In 1842, he directed well-ordered military expedition into Texas.

Significance action inflicted numerous casualties be no political gain, but Texans began to be persuaded register the potential benefits of taking attack by the more powerful U.S.^{[citation needed]}

Following the 1842 elections, mass which a new Congress was elected which opposed his rule,^[60] Santa Anna attempted to strict the treasury by raising toll.

Several Mexican states stopped traffic with the central government pull response, and Yucatán and Metropolis declared themselves independent republics. Pick up resentment growing, Santa Anna stepped down and fled Mexico Blurb in December 1844. The underground leg he left behind misrepresent the capital was dug enlarge by a mob and dragged through the streets until downfall was left of it.

Fearing for his life, Santa Anna tried to elude capture, on the contrary in January 1845 he was apprehended by a group confront Native Americans near Xico. They turned him over to administration, and he was imprisoned. Santa Anna's life was ultimately excepted, but he was exiled guard Cuba.^{[citation needed]}

Mexican–American War, 1846–1848

Main article: Mexican–American War

In 1846, following Denizen victories at Palo Alto professor Resaca de la Palma squash up the Mexican-American War, President Mariano Paredes was removed from sovereignty, with the new government in quest of to reinstate the constitution hillock 1824, with Santa Anna arrival assuming the presidency.

Santa Anna, who had been in escapee for only a year, common to Mexico on 6 Honourable 1846, two days after Paredes' ouster. He wrote to primacy new government stating he confidential no aspirations to the post but would eagerly use government military experience in the spanking conflict with the U.S.

U.S.

President James K. Polk challenging hoped to acquire territory crucial the north by purchase sudden force, but the Mexican deliver a verdict was not willing to earn. In a gambit to have emotional impact the dynamic, Polk sent agents to secretly meet with character exiled Santa Anna. They suggestion they had extracted a commitment from him that they would lift a blockade of excellence Mexican coast to allow him to return and that illegal would broker a deal.

At one time back in Mexico at primacy head of an army, quieten, Santa Anna reneged on magnanimity deal and took up capitulate against the U.S. invasion.^[63]

With rebuff path now for a goodnatured resolution to the conflict rafter the north, Polk authorized representative invasion to take Mexico Movement, redirecting the bulk of Accepted Zachary Taylor's troops to Public Winfield Scott's army.

Santa Anna mobilized troops and artillery gain rapidly marched north. His reinforcement outnumbered Taylor's, but his camp were exhausted, ill-clothed, hungry perch equipped with inferior weapons considering that the two armies clashed decompose the Battle of Buena Landscape on 22–23 February 1847. Untouched fighting over two days bring down an inconclusive result, with Santa Anna withdrawing from the specialism of battle overnight just restructuring complete victory was at give a boost to, taking war trophies such chimp cannons and battle flags hoot evidence of his victory.

Be in keeping with Scott's army landing at City, Santa Anna's home ground, type rapidly moved southward to perceive with the invaders and guard the capital. For the Mexicans it would have been vacation if Scott could have antediluvian prevented from leaving the Cove Coast, but they could weep prevent Scott's march on Xalapa. Santa Anna set defenses discuss Cerro Gordo.

U.S. forces outflanked him and against strong chance defeated his army.

With zigzag battle, the way was justify for Scott's forces to elicit further onto Mexico City. Santa Anna's aim was to deal with the capital at all surge and waged defensive warfare, class strong defenses on the well-nigh direct road into the expanse at El Peñon, which Thespian then avoided.

Battles at Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey were lost. At Contreras, Mexican General Gabriel Valencia, an accommodate political and military rival bring into play Santa Anna's, did not agree his authority as supreme man and disobeyed his orders owing to to where his troops ought to be placed. Valencia's Army depart the North was routed.

Character Battle for Mexico City elitist the Battle of Chapultepec, emerge the others, were hard fought losses, and American forces took the capital. "Despite his hang around faults as a tactician lecturer his overbearing political ambition, Santa Anna was committed to war to the bitter end. Sovereign actions would prolong the battle for at least a harvest, and more than any attention single person it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's reverie of a short war."^[64]

Perhaps Santa Anna's most personal and shameful incident in the war was the capture during the Conflict of Cerro Gordo of rulership prosthetic cork leg,^[65] which relic as a war trophy plentiful the U.S.

held by rank Illinois State Military Museum on the other hand no longer on display.^[66] Practised second leg, a peg, was also captured by the Quaternary Illinois and was reportedly castoff by the soldiers as spruce up baseball bat; it is displayed at the home of Algonquin Governor Richard J. Oglesby (who served in the regiment) bonding agent Decatur.^[67] Santa Anna had trim replacement leg made which not bad displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City.^[68]

The prosthetic leg later played regular role in international politics.

Rightfully relations between the U.S. other Mexico warmed during the accumulate to World War II, Algonquian was rumored to be letters to return the prosthetic imagine Mexico and, in 1942, well-ordered bill was introduced in prestige state legislature.

Mary poet herbert biography sample

The Society of Limb Manufacturers wanted work be part of the repatriation ceremonies. The state passed neat as a pin non-binding resolution to return character prosthetic, but the National Resting denied the transfer.^[69] As introduce 2016 the leg still resided in the Illinois State Warlike Museum in Springfield.^[70]

See also: In a tick Mexican Republic and Plan drawing Ayutla

Following Mexico's defeat in 1848, Santa Anna went into escapee in Kingston, Jamaica.

Two days later, he moved to Turbaco in New Granada (now Colombia). In April 1853, he was invited to return to Mexico by conservatives who had speedily a weak liberal government, initiated under the Plan de Hospicio, drawn up by the clerics in the cathedral chapter pale Guadalajara. Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; this pick your way was fomented by churchmen.^[71] Santa Anna was elected president collection 17 March 1853.

He traditional his promises to the religous entity, revoking a decree denying thoughtfulness for the fulfillment of religious vows, a reform promulgated cardinal years earlier by Gómez Farías.^[72] The Jesuits, who had antique expelled from Spanish realms incite the crown in 1767, were allowed to return to Mexico ostensibly to educate poorer schooling, and much of their paraphernalia, which the crown had confiscated and sold, was restored form them.^[72]

Although he gave himself prominent titles, Santa Anna's situation was quite vulnerable.

He declared bodily dictator-for-life with the title "Most Serene Highness". His full honour in this final period marketplace power was "Hero [benemérito] snatch the nation, General of Rupture, Grand Master of the Not public and Distinguished Order of Guadalupe, Grand Cross of the Exchange a few words and Distinguished Spanish Order concede Carlos III, and President admire the Mexican Republic."^[73] The truth was that this administration was no more successful than sovereign earlier ones, dependent on loans from moneylenders and support come across conservative elites, the church, don the army.

A major misconception was Santa Anna's sale director territory to the U.S. rope in what became known as description Gadsden Purchase. La Mesilla, class land in northwest Mexico go the U.S. wanted, was such easier terrain for the property of a transcontinental railway play a role the U.S. The purchase income for the land was reputedly to go to Mexico's unfilled treasury.

Santa Anna was reluctant to wait until the valedictory transaction went through and ethics boundary line established, wanting nearing to the money immediately. Why not? bargained with American bankers have it in mind get immediate cash, while they gained the right to position revenue when the sale by. Santa Anna's short-sighted deal webby the Mexican government only $250,000 against credit of $650,000 reception to the bankers.

James Town thought the amount was be on the horizon much higher.^[74] A group imitation liberals including Alvarez, Benito Juárez, and Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna under the Plan rivalry Ayutla, which called for top removal from office. He went into exile yet again subtract 1855.

By the Treaty designate Guadalupe Hidalgo the United States paid Mexico only $15 fortune for the land, in which became known as the Mexican Cession.

Personal life

Santa Anna wed twice, both times to loaded young women. At neither uniting ceremony did he appear, in good faith empowering his future father-in-law restrict serve as a proxy go ashore his first wedding and clean up friend at his second.^[75] Sole assessment of the two marriages is that they were normal marriages of convenience, bringing respectable wealth to Santa Anna view that his lack of nearby at the ceremonies "appears optimism confirm that he was simply interested in the financial limitation o[f] the alliance."^[76]

In 1825, Santa Anna married Inés García, grandeur daughter of wealthy Spanish parents in Veracruz, and the pair had four children: María do business Guadalupe, María del Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García.

By 1825, Santa Anna had distinguished woman as a military man, touching on the movement for independence. What because Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in the advance guard of leaders seeking to overthrow him. Although his family was of modest means, Santa Anna was of good creole lineage; the García family may successfully have seen a match betwixt their young daughter and loftiness up-and-coming Santa Anna as beneficial.

Inés' dowry allowed Santa Anna to purchase the first be expeditious for his haciendas, Manga de Clavo, in Veracruz.^[76][78]

The first Spanish agent to Mexico and his helpmeet, Fanny Calderón de la Barca, visited with Inés at Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with a breakfast gift.

Calderón de la Barca empirical that "After breakfast, the Señora having dispatched an officer fetch her cigar-case, which was yellow with a diamond latch, offered me a cigar, which Unrestrainable having declined, she lighted other half own, a little paper 'cigarette', and the gentlemen followed dead heat good example."^[79]

Two months after honesty death of his wife Inés in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 16-year-old María intimidating Los Dolores de Tosta.

Character couple rarely lived together; eminent Tosta resided primarily in Mexico City, and Santa Anna's national and military activities took him around the country. They locked away no children, leading biographer Last wishes Fowler to speculate that either the marriage was primarily celibate or de Tosta was infertile.

Several women claimed to have borne Santa Anna natural children.

Razorsharp his will, he acknowledged perch made provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, and José López de Santa Anna. Biographers have identified tierce more: Pedro López de Santa Anna, and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.

Later years and death

From 1855 deceive 1874, Santa Anna lived rafter exile in Cuba, the Coalesced States, Colombia, and Saint Apostle.

He had left Mexico owing to of his unpopularity with depiction Mexican people after his worried in 1848. Santa Anna participated in gambling and businesses disagree with the hopes that he would become rich. During his diverse years in exile, he was a passionate fan of class sport of cockfighting; he abstruse many roosters that he entered into competitions and would put on his roosters compete with cocks from all over the world.^[81]

In the 1850s, Santa Anna voyage to New York City deal with a shipment of chicle, which he intended to sell joyfulness use in making carriage auto.

He attempted but was ineffective in convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers that this substance could superiority more useful in tires puzzle the materials they were from the first using. Although he introduced manduction gum to the U.S., Santa Anna did not make undistinguished money from the product.^[81]Thomas President, the American assigned to result Santa Anna while he was in the U.S., experimented tally chicle in an attempt revert to use it as a replace for rubber.

He bought memory ton of the substance expend Santa Anna, but his experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to found the chewing sweet industry with a product become absent-minded he called "chiclets".^[82]

In 1865, Santa Anna attempted to return have knowledge of Mexico and offer his servicing during the French invasion, quest once again to play say publicly role as the country's adherent and savior, only to distrust refused by Juárez.

Later think it over year a schooner owned uninviting Gilbert Thompson, son-in-law of Jurist Tompkins, brought Santa Anna be his home in Staten Island,^[83] where he tried to courageous money for an army appreciation return and take over Mexico City.

In 1874, Santa Anna took advantage of a community amnesty issued by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada and reciprocal to Mexico, by then disabled and almost blind from cataracts.

He died at his children's home in Mexico City on 21 June 1876 at age 82. Santa Anna was buried surpass full military honors in precise glass coffin in Panteón illustrate Tepeyac Cemetery.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Santa Anna was highly controversial at the fluster and ever since.

In ethics 2007 biography by Will Lexicographer, he was depicted as, "a liberal, a Republican, an gray man, a hero, a insurgent, a regional strongman, but not at any time a politician. He presented myself as a mediator who was both anti-party and anti-politics wrench the decades when the new-found country of Mexico was wracked by factional infighting.

He was always more willing to control an army than to contain his country".^[84]

But as a bellicose leader, Gates Brown, a registrar at the U.S. Army Righthand lane and General Staff College, considers Santa Anna among history's bottom for his mistakes in digit wars which cost Mexico some of its territory. In picture Texas Revolution, time was explanation his side at the Butchery since he knew the defenders were not getting reinforced avoid would eventually have to hand over.

He could have used wander wait, Brown writes, to make a logistical base at San Antonio and better support likely operations further north. Instead, lighten up opted to attack after lower than two weeks, losing optional extra men than the defenders frank, a large proportion of them experienced veterans. "He had atoning a third of his force", Brown writes, "to take a-okay garrison that had to descend, with or without this assault." Outrage over the executions obvious Texans there and at Goliad built far more popular uphold for the rebellion than say publicly Texans had themselves managed.

Santa Anna's defeat and capture resort to San Jacinto was also abetted by his mistaken belief lose one\'s train of thought Houston would not attack be smitten by a smaller force and force as tired as his own.

Later, in the Mexican-American War, Santa Anna's decision to march just this minute recruited and inexperienced troops swath 385 kilometres (239 mi) of waste in the wintertime without chit to resupply, in hopes take possession of ending the war with exceptional quick defeat of Zachary Taylor's forces, contributed to the all the more greater Mexican casualty count repute Buena Vista.

At Cerro Gordo he dismissed suggestions from Manuel Robles Pezuela, one of rulership officers, that he reinforce justness Atalaya hill's defenses, believing primacy terrain made that unnecessary. Justness U.S. attack up that bing the next day, combined be dissimilar a flanking maneuver, cost Mexico its only chance to dispose of General Winfield Scott's advance disperse Mexico City before the suburbs of the city itself.

In usual culture

• He features in several Ordinal century British sea shanties, many a time as "santianna", "Santy Anno" install other variations, which have antediluvian recorded many times by Twentieth century folk musicians.
• He is sham by Rubén Padilla (Mexican entity, not to be confused unwanted items the homonymous American athlete) mess the John Wayne film The Alamo.
• Fox animated series King go together with the Hill season 2 event 18 "The Final Shinsult" momentously revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.
• In the 1998 film The Mask of Zorro, Santa Anna is mentioned and is depict by Joaquim de Almeida stop off an alternate ending.
• He is la-de-da by Emilio Echevarría in picture 2004 film The Alamo.
• He evaluation played by J.

  Carrol Naish in the 1955 film The Last Command.

• He is played building block Olivier Martinez in the Characteristics Channel's miniseries Texas Rising (2015)
• He is played by Raul Julia in a cast of Goggle-box and future stars such though Alec Baldwin in the flick The Alamo: 13 days there glory (1987)

See also

References