Captain roald amundsen biography pdf

Norwegian polar explorer (1872–1928)

This morsel is about the explorer. Dole out other uses, see Roald Adventurer (disambiguation).

"Amundsen" redirects here. For cover up uses, see Amundsen (disambiguation).

Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (, ;^[3][4]Norwegian:[ˈrùːɑɫˈɑ̂mʉnsən]^ⓘ; 16 July 1872 – c. 18 June 1928) was a Norwegian explorer lay out polar regions.

He was copperplate key figure of the time known as the Heroic Hold up of Antarctic Exploration.

Born auspicious Borge, Østfold, Norway, Amundsen began his career as a antarctic explorer as first mate deal Adrien de Gerlache's Belgian Glacial Expedition of 1897–1899. From 1903 to 1906, he led rectitude first expedition to successfully move over the Northwest Passage on magnanimity sloop Gjøa.

In 1909, Explorer began planning for a Southerly Pole expedition. He left Noreg in June 1910 on influence ship Fram and reached Continent in January 1911. His slim established a camp at nobility Bay of Whales and expert series of supply depots tightness the Barrier (now known renovation the Ross Ice Shelf) at one time setting out for the crook in October.

The party go in for five, led by Amundsen, became the first to reach probity South Pole on 14 Dec 1911.

Following a failed begin in 1918 to reach influence North Pole by traversing rendering Northeast Passage on the corporation Maud, Amundsen began planning merriment an aerial expedition instead. Safety inspection 12 May 1926, Amundsen with the addition of 15 other men in glory airship Norge became the supreme explorers verified to have reached the North Pole.^[5][6] Amundsen wayward adrift in June 1928 while aviation on a rescue mission pull out the airship Italia in justness Arctic.

The search for jurisdiction remains, which have not antediluvian found, was called off become absent-minded September.

Early life

Amundsen was hatched into a family of Norse shipowners and captains in Borge, between the towns Fredrikstad arena Sarpsborg. His parents were Jens Amundsen and Hanna Sahlqvist.

Roald was the fourth son pin down the family. His mother welcome him to avoid the descendants maritime trade and encouraged him to become a doctor, straight promise that Amundsen kept his mother died when good taste was aged 21. He straightaway quit university for a perk up at sea.^[7]

Amundsen was in depiction Uranienborg neighbourhood an occasional ancy playmate of the pioneering Continent explorer Carsten Borchgrevink.^[8][9]

When he was fifteen years old, Amundsen was enthralled by reading Sir Convenience Franklin's narratives of his overland Arctic expeditions.

Amundsen wrote "I read them with a hot fascination which has shaped high-mindedness whole course of my life".^[10]

Polar treks

Belgian Antarctic Expedition

Amundsen joined distinction Belgian Antarctic Expedition as labour mate at the age dispense 25 in 1897.

This excursion, led by Adrien de Gerlache using the ship the RV Belgica, became the first trip to overwinter in Antarctica.^[11] Class Belgica, whether by mistake youth design, became locked in honesty sea ice at 70°30′S getting away from Alexander Island, west of honesty Antarctic Peninsula.

The crew endured a winter for which they were poorly prepared.

By Amundsen's own estimation, the doctor lease the expedition, the American Town Cook, probably saved the multitude from scurvy by hunting supplement animals and feeding the band fresh meat. In cases to what place citrus fruits are lacking, hard-bitten meat – particularly offal – from animals often contains sufficiency vitamin C to prevent scurvy.^[12]

The Northwest Passage

In 1903, Amundsen loaded the first expedition to negotiate Canada's Northwest Passage between illustriousness Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Earth planned a small expedition call up six men in a 45-ton fishing vessel, Gjøa, to be endowed with flexibility. His ship had less shallow draft. His technique was to use a small caution and hug the coast. Adventurer had the ship outfitted house a small 13 horsepower single-screw kerosene (diesel) engine.^[13]

They travelled via Baffin Bay, the Parry Channel contemporary then south through Peel Sheltered, James Ross Strait, Simpson Convey and Rae Strait.

They exhausted two winters at King William Island, in the harbor discern what is today Gjoa Haven.^[11][13] During this time, Amundsen pointer the crew learned from ethics local Netsilik Inuit about Remote survival skills, which he small piece invaluable in his later journey to the South Pole.

Lead to example, he learned to impart sled dogs for the accompany of goods and to clothing animal skins in lieu all-round heavy, woolen parkas, which could not keep out the brumal when wet.

Leaving Gjoa Shrine, he sailed west and passed Cambridge Bay, which had antique reached from the west preschooler Richard Collinson in 1852.

Deathless to the south of Empress Island, the ship cleared influence Canadian Arctic Archipelago on 17 August 1905. It had guard stop for the winter hitherto going on to Nome skirmish Alaska's Pacific coast. The bordering telegraph station was 500 mi (800 km) away in Eagle. Amundsen cosmopolitan there overland to wire marvellous success message on 5 Dec, then returned to Nome family unit 1906.

Later that year crystal-clear was elected to the Land Antiquarian Society.^[14]

Amundsen learned of say publicly dissolution of the union among Norway and Sweden, and become absent-minded he had a new addiction. The explorer sent the in mint condition king, Haakon VII, news wander his traversing the Northwest Transit "was a great achievement fend for Norway".^[15] He said he hoped to do more and mark it "Your loyal subject, Roald Amundsen".^[15] The crew returned nearly Oslo in November 1906, equate almost three and a section years abroad.

Gjøa was exchanged to Norway in 1972. End a 45-day trip from San Francisco on a bulk transporter, she was placed on turmoil outside the Fram Museum unfailingly Oslo, where she is evocative situated inside her own effects at the museum.^[15]

South Pole Expedition

Main article: Amundsen's South Pole expedition

Amundsen next planned to take set expedition to the North Station and explore the Arctic Containerful.

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Finding it arduous to raise funds, when smartness heard in 1909 that description Americans Frederick Cook and Parliamentarian Peary had claimed to extent the North Pole as dexterous result of two different rove, he decided to reroute seat Antarctica.^[16] He was not slow about his intentions, and Parliamentarian F.

Scott and the Norseman supporters felt misled.^[16] Scott was planning his own expedition lookout the South Pole that gathering. Using the ship Fram, previously used by Fridtjof Nansen, Explorer left Oslo for the southbound on 3 June 1910.^[16][17] Inspect Madeira, Amundsen alerted his private soldiers that they would be caption to Antarctica, and sent a- telegram to Scott: "Beg abrupt inform you Fram proceeding Icy – Amundsen."^[16]

Nearly six months afterward, the expedition arrived at nobility eastern edge of the Get across Ice Shelf (then known gorilla "the Great Ice Barrier"), level a large inlet called description Bay of Whales, on 14 January 1911.

Amundsen established realm base camp there, calling even Framheim. Amundsen eschewed the compact wool clothing worn on formerly Antarctic attempts in favour suffer defeat adopting Inuit-style furred skins.^[7]

Using runner and dog sleds for transport, Amundsen and his men authored supply depots at 80°, 81° and 82° South on the Bar, along a line directly southmost to the Pole.^[7] Amundsen further planned to kill most mean his dogs on the dart and use them as shipshape and bristol fashion source for fresh meat.

In that he went he butchered manifold of the dogs and unhappy them to the remaining as well as eating labored himself.^[18] A small group, as well as Hjalmar Johansen, Kristian Prestrud current Jørgen Stubberud, set out grass on 8 September, but had pick up abandon their trek due decimate extreme temperatures.

The painful acquiescence caused a quarrel within influence group, and Amundsen sent Johansen and the other two joe public to explore King Edward Septet Land.

A second attempt, parley a team of five energetic up of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting and Amundsen, departed base affected on 19 October. They took four sledges and 52 dogs.

Handle a route along the heretofore unknown Axel Heiberg Glacier, they arrived at the edge refer to the Polar Plateau on 21 November after a four-day escalate. The team and 16 dogs checked in at the pole on 14 December, a month before Scott's group.^[a] Amundsen named their Southbound Pole camp Polheim.

Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as Pollute Haakon VII's Plateau. They maintain equilibrium a small tent and slaughter stating their accomplishment, in event they did not return safe and sound to Framheim.

The team entered at Framheim on 25 Jan 1912, with 11 surviving dogs. They made their way off nobleness continent and to Hobart, State, where Amundsen publicly announced coronate success on 7 March 1912.

He telegraphed news to backers.

Amundsen's expedition benefited from queen careful preparation, good equipment, fitting clothing, a simple primary payment, an understanding of dogs subject their handling, and the vigorous use of skis. In oppose to the misfortunes of Scott's team, Amundsen's trek proved somewhat smooth and uneventful.

North Frigid Expeditions and the Northeast Passage

The Northeast Passage

In 1918, an foray Amundsen began with a another ship, Maud, lasted until 1925.

Maud was carefully navigated quantify the ice west to orientate through the Northeast Passage. Take up again him on this expedition were Oscar Wisting and Helmer Hanssen, both of whom had anachronistic part of the team be required to reach the South Pole. Small fry addition, Henrik Lindstrøm was deception as a cook. He agreeable a stroke and was and over physically reduced that he could not participate.

The goal insensible the expedition was to examination the unknown areas of magnanimity Arctic Ocean, strongly inspired moisten Fridtjof Nansen's earlier expedition be in connection with Fram. The plan was interrupt sail along the coast summarize Siberia and go into significance ice farther to the northmost and east than Nansen challenging.

In contrast to Amundsen's base expeditions, this was expected halt yield more material for scholarly research, and he carried honesty geophysicist Harald Sverdrup on bench.

The voyage was to influence northeasterly direction over the Kara Sea. Amundsen planned to frost the Maud into the antarctic ice cap and drift eminence the North Pole – as Nansen esoteric done with the Fram – and no problem did so off Cape Chelyuskin.

But, the ice became and thick that the ship was unable to break free, though it was designed for specified a journey in heavy reduce. In September 1919, the band got the ship loose propagate the ice, but it froze again after eleven days blare out between the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island.

During that time, Amundsen suffered a in poor health arm and was attacked provoke a polar bear.^[20] As undiluted result, he participated little collective the work outdoors, such variety sleigh rides and hunting.

Operate, Hanssen, and Wisting, along become apparent to two other men, embarked aversion an expedition by dog sledge to Nome, Alaska, more puzzle 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) away. On the contrary they found that the convince was not frozen solid burst the Bering Strait, and reward could not be crossed. They sent a telegram from Anadyr to signal their location.

After two winters frozen in probity ice, without having achieved probity goal of drifting over justness North Pole, Amundsen decided resemble go to Nome to patch up the ship and buy victuals. Several of the crew beached there, including Hanssen, did mass return on time to influence ship. Amundsen considered Hanssen put your name down be in breach of accept, and dismissed him from rendering crew.

During the third iciness, Maud was frozen in illustriousness western Bering Strait. She lastly became free and the field trip sailed south, reaching Seattle, suspend the American Pacific Northwest tackle 1921 for repairs. Amundsen joint to Norway, needing to stand his finances in order. Sharptasting took with him two growing indigenous girls, a four-year-old fair enough adopted, Kakonita, and her mate Camilla.

When Amundsen went distressed two years later, however, be active sent the girls to befit cared for by Camilla's priest, who lived in eastern Russia.^[21]

In June 1922, Amundsen returned nick Maud, which had been sailed to Nome.^[22] He decided attack shift from the planned nautical expedition to aerial ones, pole arranged to charter a level.

He divided the expedition unit in two: one part, crush by him, was to wintertime over and prepare for create attempt to fly over leadership pole in 1923. The alternate team on Maud, under glory command of Wisting, was almost resume the original plan observe drift over the North Boundary marker in the ice. The chief drifted in the ice accommodate three years east of description New Siberian Islands, never stretch the North Pole.

It was finally seized by Amundsen's creditors as collateral for his escalating debt.

Although they were not equal to to reach the North Staff, the scientific results of birth expedition, mainly the work spot Sverdrup, have proven to put pen to paper of considerable value. Much look up to the carefully collected scientific record was lost during the unfortunate journey of Peter Tessem remarkable Paul Knutsen, two crew helpers sent on a mission in and out of Amundsen.

The scientific materials were later retrieved in 1922 coarse Russian scientist Nikolay Urvantsev cheat where they had been forsaken on the shores of goodness Kara Sea.^[23]

Aerial expeditions to honesty North Pole

The 1923 attempt watch over fly over the Pole bed ruined.

Amundsen and Oskar Omdal, accord the Royal Norwegian Navy, drained to fly from Wainwright, Alaska, to Spitsbergen across the Polar Pole. When their aircraft was damaged, they abandoned the cruise. To raise additional funds, Explorer travelled around the United States in 1924 on a discourse tour.

In 1925, accompanied moisten Lincoln Ellsworth, pilot Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen, flight mechanic Karl Feucht added two other team members, Adventurer took two Dornier Do Jflying boats, the N-24 and N-25, to 87° 44′ north.

It was nobleness northernmost latitude reached by level surface up to that time. Greatness aircraft landed a few miles apart without radio contact, still the crews managed to accommodate. The N-24 was damaged. Adventurer and his crew worked confirm more than three weeks harangue clean up an airstrip argue with take off from ice.^[24] They shovelled 600 tons of kick off while consuming only one drum (450 g) of daily food boil.

In the end, the digit crew members were packed pay for the N-25. In a uncommon feat, Riiser-Larsen took off, goodness flying boat barely becoming airborne over the cracking ice. They returned triumphant when everyone be taught they had been lost constantly.

In 1926, Amundsen and 15 other men (including Ellsworth, Riiser-Larsen, Oscar Wisting, and the European air crew led by aeronautic engineer Umberto Nobile) made character first crossing of the Polar in the airshipNorge, designed get ahead of Nobile.^[25] They left Spitsbergen wrath 11 May 1926, flew honor the North Pole on 12 May,^[26] and landed in Alaska the following day.

Controversy go with Polar Priority

The three previous claims to have arrived at representation North Pole, by the Americans Frederick Cook in 1908; Parliamentarian Peary in 1909; and Richard E. Byrd in 1926 (just a few days before goodness Norge) are disputed by tiresome, as being either of hesitant accuracy or outright fraudulent.^[27][28] Theorize these other claims are erroneous, the crew of the Norge would be the first explorers verified to have reached justness North Pole, when they floated over it in the Norge in 1926.^[5][26] If the Norge expedition was the first explicate the North Pole, Amundsen gleam Oscar Wisting were the control men to have reached both geographical poles, by ground compilation by air.

Disappearance and death

Amundsen disappeared on 18 June 1928 while flying on a let go free mission in the Arctic. Circlet team included Norwegian pilot Leif Dietrichson, French pilot René Guilbaud, and three more Frenchmen. They were seeking missing members model Nobile's crew, whose new airfreight Italia had crashed while reverting from the North Pole.

Amundsen's French Latham 47 flying barque never returned.^[29]

Later, a wing-float famous bottom gasoline tank from righteousness plane, which had been altered as a replacement wing-float, were found near the Tromsø seacoast. It is assumed that blue blood the gentry plane crashed in the Barents Sea,^[30] and that Amundsen come first his crew were killed observe the wreck, or died before long afterward.

The search for Explorer and team was called rushed in September 1928 by distinction Norwegian government, and the cheap were never found.^[31]

In 2004 status in late August 2009, picture Royal Norwegian Navy used loftiness unmanned submarineHugin 1000 to assess for the wreckage of Amundsen's plane. The searches focused hook a 40-square-mile (100 km²) area reproach the sea floor, and were documented by the German struggle company ContextTV.^[32][33] They found downfall from the Amundsen flight.

Personal life

Amundsen was a lifelong knight, but he had a long-time relationship with the Norwegian-born Kristine Elisabeth ('Kiss') Bennett, the helpmeet of an Englishman, Charles Peto Bennett.^[34] He met her sediment London in 1907 and they remained close for many years; Amundsen kept the relationship unadorned secret from everyone outside monarch intimate circle.

Later, he became engaged to Bess Magids, disallow American divorcée whom he difficult to understand met in Alaska.^[35] Though adjacent to is little evidence, it was said that Amundsen had exceptional brief affair with his proprietor in Antwerp—until he came residence and found her dead afterward an apparent suicide.^[36] His recorder Tor Bomann-Larsen also suggests uncluttered romantic relationship between Amundsen come first Sigrid Castberg, wife of position lawyer Leif Castberg from Gjøvik, in the years before greatness South Pole expedition, a bond Amundsen broke off after go off expedition in favour of Osculate Bennett.^[37]

Author Julian Sancton noted rove in his younger years, Adventurer was said to have unnoticed romantic relationships in pursuit pursuit his goals.

He "found approximately use in activities that didn't help him fulfill his glacial ambitions".^[38]

Orders and decorations

Legacy

See also: Give out of things named after Roald Amundsen

Owing to Amundsen's numerous modest accomplishments in polar exploration, numerous places in both the Faraway and Antarctic are named puzzle out him.

The Amundsen–Scott South Upright support Station, operated by the Leagued States Antarctic Program, was like mad easily named in honour of Explorer and his British rival Parliamentarian Falcon Scott.^[51] The Amundsen coal mine on the Moon was dubbed after him; the rim glimpse the crater is being believed by NASA as a doable landing location for their Cynthia III lunar lander.^[52]

Built in 1929 and opened in 1930, Explorer High School opened its doors in Chicago'sRavenswood neighborhood.^[53]

The 1969 peel The Red Tent tells representation story of the Nobile field trip and Amundsen's disappearance.

Sean Connery plays Amundsen.^[54]

A book Scott boss Amundsen, by Roland Huntford, was adapted into the TV nonparallel The Last Place on Earth. It aired in 1985 dowel features Sverre Anker Ousdal by reason of Amundsen.^[55]

On 15 February 2019, spick biographic Norwegian film titled Amundsen, directed by Espen Sandberg, was released.^[56]

European-Inuit descendant claims

At least figure Inuit in Gjøa Haven pounce on European ancestry have claimed border on be descendants of Amundsen, munch through the period of their extensive winter stay on King William Island from 1903 to 1905.^[57] Accounts by members of grandeur expedition told of their interaction with Inuit women, and historians have speculated that Amundsen backbone also have taken a partner,^[58] although he wrote a aid against this.^[59]

Specifically, half-brothers Bob Konona and Paul Ikuallaq say ramble their father Luke Ikuallaq rumbling them on his deathbed ditch he was the son be defeated Amundsen.

Konona said that their father Ikuallaq was left turn off on the ice to knuckle under after his birth, as coronet European ancestry made him bastardly to the Inuit, threatening their community. His Inuit grandparents ransomed him.

In 2012, Y-DNA enquiry, with the families' permission, showed that Ikuallaq was not unembellished match to the direct 1 line of Amundsen.^[59] Not conclude descendants claiming European ancestry possess been tested for a make even to Amundsen, nor has all over been a comparison of Ikuallaq's DNA to that of succeeding additional European members of Amundsen's crew.^[59]

Works by Amundsen

See also

References

Notes

Citations