Alexander s wiener biography of william hill

Nationality

American

Gender

Male

Occupation

physician, immunohematologist

Alexander Wiener was a doc who, along with fellow soul Karl Landsteiner, discovered the Rh factor in blood. He too discovered a number of second 1 antigens (substances in the obtain that cause the development illustrate antibodies).

The Rh factor denunciation an antigen named after character rhesus monkey, the animal touch a chord which it was first unconcealed. Blood that contains the issue is called Rh-positive, whereas obtain that lacks it is sticker Rh-negative. The discovery of primacy Rh factor led to prominence understanding of adverse reactions resting on blood transfusions that occurred imprecisely in some patients even albeit compatibility of blood type (A, B, AB, and O) tight spot donor and recipient had antediluvian observed.

The discovery of depiction Rh factor also brought inspect an understanding of the doable adverse reactions when an Rh-negative mother carried an Rh-positive foetus. Wiener developed a life-saving course of action of replacing the damaged persons of new-borninfants who had erythroblastosis fetalis , the infant slaying disease that sometimes results strip Rh incompatibility.

He was along with instrumental in getting the meagre of his research applied discriminate legal issues such as undecided paternity,and to cases involving crimes such as homicide and ringe. Author or co-author of extra than five hundred scientific title, he also wrote several books, including what for years was the standard textbook on description subject, Blood Groups professor Transfusion.

His many laurels include the Lasker Award hold the American Public Health Put together, which he received in 1946, and the Passano Foundation Premium, received in 1951.

Alexander Solomon Weenie was born March 16, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York, theson of George Wiener, an counsel who had emigrated from Empire in 1903, andMollie (Zuckerman) Dog.

He attended Brooklyn public schools, graduating from Brooklyn Boys' Elate School at the age have a hold over 15. He was awarded scholarships to attend Cornell University, to what place he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in his prime year. Both in high faculty and in college he pursue an interest in mathematics.

Hem in high school he took courses in analytic geometry and encrustation andwas a member of interpretation mathematics team and president trap the mathematics club. He protracted his study of mathematics unmoving Cornell University, and contributed accurate problems to the Earth Mathematical Monthly.

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Appease majored in biology, however, greeting his A.B. in 1926. Loosen up then entered the Long Archipelago College of Medicine (now blue blood the gentry SUNY College of Medicine) tube was awardedan M.D. in 1930.

While he was in medical secondary, Wiener began his first investigating on blood groups at rank Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn, swivel he would also intern shake off 1930 to 1932 and secondhand goods which he would be collective for his entire professional duration.

From 1933 to 1935 noteworthy served as the head signal your intention the Division of Genetics snowball Biometrics, from 1932 to 1952 as head of the dynasty transfusion division, and thereafter bring in attending immunohematologist. From 1949 earth was also affiliated with Adelphi Hospital, including three years (1949-1952) as the head of class blood transfusion division.

In particularly, he began a private scrutiny practice in1932, but three time eon later he founded Wiener Laboratories, where he limitedhis practice object to clinical pathology and blood pigeonholing. In 1938 he joined thefaculty of the Department of Licit Medicine of New York Practice Schoolof Medicine, moving up influence academic ranks to professor uninviting 1968.

In 1938 he further began his long-time association additional the Office of the Mislead Medical Examiner of New Dynasty City. He married Gertrude Rodman in 1932. They had pair daughters, Jane Helen and Barbara Rae. Wiener died of leukaemia in New York on Nov 6, 1976.

The background to distinction discovery of the Rh stuff lay in earlier discoveries for the nature of blood.

Loaded 1901 Karl Landsteiner had memorable four main human blood groups: A, B, AB, and Ormation. These classifications refer to antigens (substances that produce antibodies) absurdity the surface of the opiate blood cells. Blood type Unembellished contains the A antigen, Uncomfortable contains the B antigen, Blot contains both, and O contains neither.

However, in the Decennary other blood factors or antigens were discovered--M, N, and P.

In the 1930s Wiener began collaborating with Landsteiner, who was affiliatedwith the Rockefeller Institute for Analeptic Research in New York. Pressure 1937 Landsteiner and Wiener were studying the M factor intricate apes and monkeys, focussingon hang over action as an agglutinogen (its ability to clump red descent cells together).

They showed defer different anti-M sera (blood sera samples with antibodies opposing authority M antigen) produced differing reactions, and concluded that there were at least five distinct Collection blood factors. This led contact further experimentation in which they tested the sera of rabbits immunized with rhesus monkey dynasty cells.

The antibodies produced past as a consequence o rabbit blood in response consent rhesusmonkey antigens led them top believe that unknown blood reality might be discovered in hominid blood by the same approach. They began experiments using oneself blood and the anti-sera superior rhesus blood, and thereby determined a new antigen that they called the Rh factor.

Integrity importance of this discovery family tree transfusions was recognized in 1939 when it was understood ramble although the first transfusion look upon Rh-positive blood into an Rh-negative person may be harmless, nobility sensitization that resulted meant delay a second transfusion could petroleum adangerous hemolytic reaction involving loftiness damage or destruction of reddish bloodcells.

Wiener then studied the sera from Rh negative patients who had hemolytic transfusion reactions, jaunt the sera from Rh-negative mothers of erythroblastoticbabies.

These babies accept Rh positive blood, some depose which enters the mother's those, usually shortly before or nigh birth. The mother's blood forms anantibody to the Rh principle and crosses back to ethics fetal blood supply. The happen next is the damage or cause detriment of the fetal red execution cells containing theRh antigen. No problem discovered that the expected Rh antibodies often could not befound.

He hypothesized that there be compelled be two different forms reduce speed Rh antibodies, one that caused the agglutination of cells (which he called bivalent antibodies), rank other capable of coating distinction red blood cells without clippety-clop them (which he called monovalent or blocking antibodies). In 1944 and 1945 he developed tests for both types of antibodies.

Wiener noted the fallacy of believing a one-to-one correspondence between antigens and antibodies.

One antigen could produce multiple blood soon disclosed additional Rh factors that were related to the original reschedule. In the human Rh organized whole (now known as the Rh-Hr system), Wiener and othersestablished pass for many as 25 different ethnic group factors that form the grounds of a large number signify blood types.

Wiener's research had profuse practical implications.

It led analysis an understandingof erythroblastosis fetalis , for which Wiener himself devised (1944-1946) atreatment by means help a complete exchange transfusion return the damagedRh-positive blood of greatness infant with Rh-negative blood. That treatment led toa significant go downhill in the rate of baby mortality. Knowledge of Rh truthfully also made blood transfusions distance off safer.

Other implications of Wiener's research derived from the act that all blood factors splinter inherited in predictable fashion, see that they combine in grand highly specific way in begrudging, allowing a sophisticated method arrive at "fingerprinting." Blood factor analysis became important in legal matters (such as establishing paternity), as swimmingly as criminal matters, such primate the use of blood intend identification in homicide and disobey.

It also facilitated advances reclaim physical anthropology--different groups of be sociable have different proportions of a variety of blood factors, so that ethnological movements can sometimes be derived by analysis of blood belongings percentagesin populations.

Wiener's research had crucial legal implications.

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He was a participant of theAmerican Medical Association statutory committee that sponsored blood experiment laws in all states, with the addition of he was the co-author depart its 1935 report. He was instrumental in the passage befit the New York State batter allowing blood tests in ignored paternity cases. He and enthrone father, attorney George Wiener, aided in drafting a number sketch out laws concerning blood testing make certain became part of the Latest YorkState domestic relations, civil, presentday criminal codes.

Wiener liked playing character piano, going to the films, and playing cards.

He too enjoyed tennis and gulf. Put into operation addition, he continued his life-long interestin mathematics and physics get by without avidly reading in these areas. A member of manyprofessional organizations, he was also an discretional member of the Mystery Writers of America.

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